What is the term for heat that causes a change in temperature of a substance?

The term for heat that causes a change in temperature of a substance is known as sensible heat. Sensible heat refers to the energy exchanged by a thermodynamic system that results in a temperature change, without changing the phase of the substance. This is distinct from latent heat, which is the energy absorbed or released during a phase change, such as from solid to liquid or liquid to gas, where the temperature remains constant during the process.

In the context of the other terms, superheat typically refers to the heating of a vapor above its boiling point, while conduction is a method of heat transfer through direct contact between materials. Thus, sensible heat specifically describes the transfer of thermal energy that raises the temperature of a substance, making it the precise term for the phenomenon described in the question.